Insight Monitoring, data, instruments

The ROV KIEL 6000 is surrounded by blue water. — ROV KIEL 6000 on a dive during an expedition in the Indian Ocean. (Picture: ROV-Team, GEOMAR)

Anyone exploring the oceans needs state-of-the-art technology. Without assistance, humans cannot breathe underwater or see anything below 100–200 metres, depending on the light conditions. Furthermore, their organs cannot withstand the pressure at depth. It is therefore hardly surprising that the depths of the oceans remain largely unexplored.

However, technological advances have increased the possibilities for discovering the secrets of the oceans. Research submarines, underwater robots, autonomous underwater vehicles and fixed measuring stations on the sea floor and at the surface can be used to take pictures and videos, collect samples and measure data such as the salinity, temperature and pH value of the water. In most cases, it is not necessary for humans to be present below the surface of the water.

However, the technology must also meet high standards. Firstly, the equipment must be robust enough to withstand environmental conditions at sea, including wind, waves, currents, cold temperatures, high pressure and salinity. This is particularly important when the equipment is used for extended periods. Secondly, it must be precise enough to reliably perform its tasks. Such research equipment cannot be purchased with a single click online. Instead, specialised engineers and technicians develop and build customised solutions in marine institute workshops that meet researchers' requirements as well as the adverse environmental conditions in or around the ocean. However, the devices must also be compact and lightweight, as they have to be transported on ships where space is limited. At the same time, they must be easy to maintain or repair on board in case of problems.

Yet, it doesn't always have to be high-tech. Sometimes, a landing net and a bucket are sufficient. In marine research, the location of sample collection is very important. Coastal waters and the ocean surface present completely different possibilities and challenges to the deep sea. The ocean can roughly be divided into three areas: the light-flooded area at the surface and near the coast; the water column (the pelagic zone); and the seabed (the benthic zone). Different equipment is used in the different areas of the sea.

Research equipment under water

In general, the research equipment used in the oceans can be divided into several broad categories. These include:

Equipment for collecting data at the ocean surface. This can be achieved using sonar or sensors on research vessels, drones, or autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) — unmanned floating devices that collect meteorological and oceanographic data.
Equipment for measuring and sampling in the water column. This includes CTD probes, which measure conductivity, temperature and depth; Niskin bottles, which are used to take water samples at defined depths; plankton nets, which are used to collect microorganisms; and current meters, which measure the speed and direction of ocean currents.
Equipment for the seabed, such as sediment grabs that take soil samples, drilling equipment for geological cores from the seabed, or seismic measuring devices that record structures on and below the seabed.
Underwater vehicles: These include ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles), which are remote-controlled underwater robots equipped with cameras, gripper arms and sensors. Another type is the AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), which is an autonomous floating device or seabed crawler that can operate independently for a certain period of time, creating maps, taking samples and measuring currents autonomously. Finally, submersibles and manned deep-sea submarines are used for direct observation and sampling at great depths.
Stationary observation systems such as fixed measuring buoys that continuously record temperature, salinity, wave height and other parameters, underwater observatories connected to cables that record chemical, physical and biological data over the long term, or gliders, i.e. slow-sinking and rising fixed devices that collect data vertically.

How is marine research conducted on land?

However, marine research does not (only) take place on site. Although initial samples are analysed and data evaluated on research vessels, the actual work takes place on land, in laboratories. These laboratories are equipped with completely different research instruments, such as high-tech microscopes, mass spectrometers and gas chromatographs, which provide insights into the structure and processes of cells or can separate and analyse mixtures of substances. Meanwhile, the samples from the sea must be stored and prepared for experiments. There are various methods for doing this, which in turn require specialised equipment.

The equipment on land

Land-based research infrastructure can also be broadly divided into different categories:

Analytical laboratory equipment such as Mass spectrometers for determining the chemical composition of water, sediment or gas samples, Gas chromatographs for analysing volatile organic compounds in seawater or sediments, Electron microscopes for examining tiny organisms, mineral structures or particles from the sea, Flow cytometers for analysing and counting microplankton and bacteria or Spectrometers (UV/VIS and infrared) for measuring pigments, nutrients or pollutants.
Sample preparation and testing systems for example drying cabinets and freeze dryers for preserving biological and geological material. Centrifuges can be used to separate solid and liquid components in samples. Autoclaves can be used to sterilise equipment and samples or Aquarium and mesocosm systems can be used to replicate seawater environments for experiments under controlled conditions.
Remote sensing and data acquisition on land, such as coastal radar systems for detecting currents and waves near the coast, or meteorological measuring stations on the coast to collect weather and climate data for ocean modelling.
IT and data processing systems, such as supercomputers for modelling ocean currents, climate change effects or tsunami propagation, geographic information systems (GIS) for mapping and analysing marine and coastal data, or data servers and sensor networks for processing and archiving long-term measurements.

Land-based technology is also expensive and complex, which is why not all research institutes have all the necessary equipment on site. In particular, analytical laboratory equipment is usually found in larger research institutes, universities, or specialised laboratories. However, through close cooperation between institutions, scientists from elsewhere can book time on the equipment.

White, tree-like branching corals can be seen in various transparent containers. — Many laboratories at marine research institutions have aquariums or cultivate algae and corals. The picture shows some specimens of the cold-water coral Lophelia in a GEOMAR laboratory. (Picture: Armin Form, GEOMAR)

Some large-scale equipment used in German marine research

Der neue Tauchroboter MARUM-QUEST 5000 steht in der Werkshalle des neuen Zentrums für Tiefseeforschung am MARUM in Bremen. — Bild: DAM

The remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) MARUM-QUEST 5000 is a state-of-the-art deep-sea research robot belonging to MARUM in Bremen. It has been in use since 2025. Equipped with a powerful hydraulic drive, versatile gripper arms and a modular tool carrier, the ROV can collect a variety of samples, install instruments on the seafloor and perform complex tasks at depth. Designed for operations at depths of up to 5,000 metres, MARUM-QUEST 5000 can transport up to 300 kilograms of scientific equipment.

Data portals as storage and resources

The collected data is transmitted to data portals, where it is stored. Scientists can then search and evaluate the data, looking for relevant information to their own research questions. Currently, however, there are numerous portals operated by different institutes that are not networked with each other. Consequently, the wealth of data collected daily is not being utilised to its full potential.

Marine research institutions affiliated with the German Marine Research Alliance (DAM) have therefore launched a data management and digitisation initiative to improve open and uniform access to decentralised data sets from German marine research. This requires adapting structures and processes, as well as applying standards for data preparation. This is already being achieved through the so-called FAIR principles: Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable. In accordance with these principles, many data sets are now generally accessible via the Marine Research Portal.

The ultimate goal is to ensure long-term, sustainable access to research data for science and society.